project on wireless communication

DEVELOPMENT OF

WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management, Durgapur

April 6, 2009

Juhi Munshi

(Lecturer of Humanities Department)

Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management

Dear Madam

Here is the report on the observational study about “Development of Wireless Communication” conducted by Abhilash Thakur On April 6, 2009

As you will see our observation pointed to some specific needs for this operation. This report covers all the necessary information and I am confident enough that this curriculum will help to bring about an innovative turn.

At Aryabhatta Institute of Engineering & Management we appreciate having this assignment. If you need any assistance in interpreting our recommendation, please contact us at 097497213 and er.abhilashthakur@gmail.com

thanks

Yours Sincerely

Abhilash thakur

Roll no:071710103013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to Raju Pandey for all the help and guidance given for this study. I would also like to thank S.P.Das for many vulnerable ideas and suggestions they gave for completing this project.

CONTENTS

Introduction………………………………...page

Background:-

1. Spectrum Allocation…………………………………………page 5

2. The Range of Wireless Services……………………………….”

3. The Rise and Rise of the Mobile Telephony……………………………………………………...page 6

Diffusion and Demand for Mobile Telephony:-

1. Diffusion………………………………………………...page 7

2. The Relationship between Fixed & Mobile Telephony……………...page 8

3. Costs……………………………………………………………………….page 9

Brief History of Wireless Communication…….page 9,10

Some Open Research Topics…………………...page

Conclusion………………………………………page

List of reference………………………………...page

Bibliography……………………………………page

Introduction:-

Welcome to the wonderful world of wireless.

In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by transmitting the three-dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of three kilometers using electromagnetic waves. From this beginning, wireless communications has developed into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and television broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone, wireless communications has revolutionized the way societies function. This chapter surveys the economics literature on wireless communications. Wireless communications and the economic goods and services that utilize it have some special characteristics that have motivated specialized studies. First, wireless communications relies on a scarce resource – namely, radio spectrum – the property rights for which were traditionally vested with the state. In order to foster the development of wireless communications (including telephony and broadcasting) those assets were privatized. Second, use of spectrum for wireless communications required the development of key complementary technologies; especially those that allowed higher frequencies to be utilized more efficiently. Finally, because of its special nature, the efficient use of spectrum required the coordinated development of standards. Those standards in turn played a critical role in the diffusion of technologies that relied on spectrum use. In large part our chapter focuses on wireless telephony rather than broadcasting and other uses of spectrum (e.g., telemetry and biomedical services). Specifically, the economics literature on that industry has focused on factors driving the diffusion of wireless telecommunication technologies and on the nature of network pricing regulation and competition in the in the industry.

The next section provides background information regarding the adoption of wireless communication technologies. Section 3 then considers the economic issues associated with mobile telephony including spectrum allocation and standards. Section 4 surveys recent economic studies of the diffusion of mobile telephony. Finally, section 5 reviews issues of regulation and competition; in particular, the need for and principles behind access pricing for mobile phone networks.

Background.

Marconi’s pioneering work quickly led to variety of commercial and government

(particularly military) developments and innovations. In the early 1900s, voice and then

music was transmitted and modern radio was born.

1. Spectrum Allocation:-

Radio transmission involves the use of part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic energy is transmitted in different frequencies and the properties of the energy depend on the frequency. For example, visible light has a frequency between 4×10^14 and 7.5×10^14 Hz. Ultra violet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays have higher frequencies (or equivalently a shorter wave length) while infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves have lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). The radio frequency spectrum involves electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between 3000 Hz and 300 GHz.

2. The Range Of Wireless Services:-

Radio spectrum is used for a wide range of services. These can be broken into the following broad classes:

Broadcasting services:- including short wave AM and FM radio as well as terrestrial television;

Mobile communications of voice and data:- including maritime and aeronautical mobile for communications between ships, airplanes and land; land mobile for communications between a fixed base station and moving sites such as a taxi fleet and paging services, and mobile communications either between mobile users and a fixed network or between mobile users, such as mobile telephone services;

Fixed Services: - either point to point or point to multipoint services;

Satellite: - used for broadcasting, telecommunications and internet, particularly over long distances;

And Other Uses: - including military, radio astronomy, meteorological and scientific uses. The amount of spectrum allocated to these different uses differs by country and frequency band. For example, in the U.K., 40% of the 88MHz to 1GHz band of frequencies are used for TV broadcasting, 22% for defense, 10% for GSM mobile an 1formaritimecommunications.In contrast, none of the 1GHz to 3 GHz frequency range is used for television, 19% is allocated to GSM and third-generation mobile phones, 17% to defense and 23% for aeronautical radar. The number of different devices using wireless communications is rising rapidly.

3. The Rise & Rise of Mobile Telephony:-

The history of mobile telephones can be broken into four periods. The first (pre- cellular) period involved mobile telephones that exclusively used a frequency band in a particular area. These telephones had severe problems with congestion and call completion. If one customer was using a particular frequency in a geographic area, no other customer could make a call on that same frequency. Further, the number of frequencies allocated by the FCC in the U.S. to mobile telephone services was small, limiting the number of simultaneous calls. Similar systems, known as A-Netz and B-Netz were developed in Germany. The introduction of cellular technology greatly expanded the efficiency of frequency use of mobile phones. Rather than exclusively allocating a band of frequency to one telephone call in a large geographic area, a cell telephone breaks down a geographic area into small areas or cells. Different users in different (non-adjacent) cells are able to use the same frequency for a call without interference.

First generation cellular mobile telephones developed around the world using different, incompatible analogue technologies. For example, in the 1980s in the U.S. there was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), the U.K. had the Total Access Communications System (TACS), Germany developed C-Netz, while Scandinavia developed the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system. The result was a wide range of largely incompatible systems, particularly in Europe, although the single AMPS system was used throughout the U.S.

Diffusion and Demand for Mobile Telephony.

1 .Diffusion

While standardization appears to increase the rate of diffusion of mobile technology within a country, what else affects the rate of take up of mobile phones? Gruber and Verbose (2001b) estimate the diffusion of mobile technology over the fifteen states in the European Union using an S-shaped diffusion path.

They address a number of specific issues:-

For a non-technical overview of the diffusion of mobile telephones in the EU, see Gruber (1999).

a) Did the switch from analogue to digital systems increase the rate of diffusion?

Gruber and Verbovens’ analysis suggests that the move to 2G systems in Europe led to a rapid increase in the diffusion of mobile technology. This diffusion effect was significantly greater than the acceleration effect built in to an S-shaped diffusion process. However, Gruber and Verboven do not isolate the cause of this acceleration. One explanation is standardization. 2G technology was introduced using the GSM standard across the EU, replacing a variety of incompatible analogue systems. Thus, the network effects associated with roaming may underlie the increased diffusion. Alternatively, as noted above, 2G mobile systems are significantly more efficient in terms of spectrum use than analogue systems.

b) Does increased competition increase the rate of diffusion?

Intuitively, increased competition (say from monopoly to duopoly) should lead to lower prices and increase the rate of diffusion of mobile technology. This intuition is verified by Gruber and Verboven. Moving from monopoly to duopoly increased the rate of diffusion although this effect was more important for analogue technology and was smaller than the effect on diffusion of the move to digital technology.

2 .The Relationship between Fixed & Mobile Telephony:-

Are fixed-line telephones and mobiles complements or substitutes in demand? Theoretically, the answer is ambiguous. To the extent that mobile telephones offer similar call functions to fixed-line telephones, we would expect there to be substitution in demand (Woroch, 2002). But mobile telephones are often used for short calls that would not be possible on a fixed-line telephone and such calls are often made to or from fixed- line telephones. Thus, the diffusion of mobile technology increases the benefits accruing to a fixed-line subscriber, potentially increasing demand for fixed-line services.

3. Costs:-

A small number of papers have attempted to determine the presence of scale economies in mobile telephony. The results from these studies tend to be contradictory. While McKenzie and Small (1997) find that mobile telephony generally exhibits diseconomies of scale, and at best has constant returns to scale, Foreman and Beauvais (1999) find that mobile telephony exhibits modest increasing returns to scale. The disagreement between such cost studies is unsurprising. In fixed-line local telephony, the presence or absence of increasing returns to scale has been subject to heated debate for much of the last thirty years (e.g. see Shin and Ying, 1992). In local telephony, the debate has immediate regulatory implications regarding the presence or absence of a natural monopoly in the local loop. In contrast, for 2G mobile, robust competition has been shown to be viable in many countries. Even if it is possible to find some degree of increasing returns to scale in mobile telephony, both the practicality and the benefits from mobile competition seem undeniable.

Brief History of Wireless Communications:-

Before the ``Birth of Radio'', 1867-1896

* *1867 - Maxwell predicts existence of electromagnetic (EM) waves

* *1887 - Hertz proves existence of EM waves; first spark transmitter generates a spark in a receiver several meters away

* * 1890 - Branly develops coherer for detecting radio waves

* * 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraph to English telegraph office

``The Birth of Radio''

* *1897 - ``The Birth of Radio'' - Marconi awarded patent for wireless telegraph

* * 1897 - First ``Marconi station'' established on Needles island to communicate with English coast

* * 1898 - Marconi awarded English patent no. 7777 for tuned communication

* * 1898 - Wireless telegraphic connection between England and France established

Transoceanic Communication

* *1901 - Marconi successfully transmits radio signal across Atlantic Ocean from Cornwall to Newfoundland

* * 1902 - First bidirectional communication across Atlantic

* * 1909 - Marconi awarded Nobel Prize for physics

Voice over Radio

* *1914 - First voice over radio transmission

* * 1920s - Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit

* * 1930s - Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment occupied most of police car trunk

* *1935 - Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by Armstrong

* * 1940s - Majority of police systems converted to FM

Birth of Mobile Telephony

** 1946 - First interconnection of mobile users to public switched telephone network (PSTN)

** 1949 - FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of service

** 1940s - Number of mobile users > 50K

** 1950s - Number of mobile users > 500K

** 1960s - Number of mobile users > 1.4M

** 1960s - Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) introduced; supports full-duplex, auto dial, auto trucking

** 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone has 543 pay customers using 12 channels in the New York City area; waiting list is 3700 people; service is poor due to blocking

Cellular Mobile Telephony

** 1979 - NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication system

**1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) deployed in US in 900 MHz band: supports 666 duplex channels

** 1989 - Grouped Special Mobile defines European digital cellular standard, GSM

**1991 - US Digital Cellular phone system introduced

**1993 - IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed in US

**1994 - GSM system deployed in US, relabeled ``Global System for Mobile Communications''

**1995 - FCC auctions off frequencies in Personal Communications System (PCS) band at 1.8 GHz for mobile telephony

** 1997 - Number of cellular telephone users in U.S. > 50M

** 2000 - Third generation cellular system standards? Bluetooth standards?

Some Open Research Topics.

A lot remains to be done in the field of wireless communication. Some topics are given below:

· Interference: Radio transmission cannot be protected against interference using shielding as this is done in coaxial cable .for example, electrical engines and lighting cause severe interference and result in higher loss rates for transmitted data or higher bit error rates respectively.

· Regulations and spectrum: Frequencies have to be coordinated, only a very limited amount of frequencies are available .one research topic involves determining how it use available frequencies more efficiently

· Low bandwidth: Although they are continuously increasing, transmission rates are still very low for wireless devise compared to desktop to desktop systems. Local wireless systems reach some Mbit/s while wide area system only offer some 10Kbit/s. researchers look for more efficient communication protocols with low overhead.

· Lower security, simpler to attack: Not only can portable devices be stolen more easily, but the radio interface is also prone to the dangers of eavesdropping. Other security mechanisms that must be efficient and simple to use.

· Ad-hoc networking: wireless and mobile computing allows for spontaneous networking with prior set-up of an infrastructure. This raises many new questions for research: routing on the networking and application layer, service discovery, network scalability, reliability, and stability etc.

· Shared medium: radio access is always realized via a sheared medium. As it is impossible to have a separate wire between a sender and each receiver. Although different medium access schemes have been developed, many questions are still unanswered, how to provide quality of service efficiently with different combinations of access, coding and multiplexing schemes.

· High delays, large delay variation: A serious problem for communication protocols used in today’s internet (TCP/IP) is the big variation in link characteristics. In wireless systems, delays of several seconds can occur, and links can be very asymmetrical. Applications must be tolerant and use robust protocols.

Conclusion.

In past time the communication systems are no developed , but 1n 19th century the wireless communication are develop very rapidly all the person are using communication devices such as telephone , TV,

Bibliography

For the development of this project I was helped by the following books:

· “Antennas for All Application”-John D Kraus, Ronald J Marhefka, Ahmad S Khan.

· “Telecommunication Switching Systems & Networks”-Thiagarajan Viswanathan.

· “Mobile Communication”-Jochen Schiller.

The following websites also helped in providing useful information:

· www.google.com

· www.yahooanswer .com

· www.webtronics.com

· www.sfms.org

· www.answer .com

List of Reference

JPL's Wireless Communication Reference Website

Wireless communication- Andrea Goldsmith Stanford University, California

Brief History of Wireless Communications John Shea 12-01- 2000

Armstrong, M. (2002a) “The theory of access pricing and interconnection,” in M. Cave, S. Majumdar, and I. Vogel sang (eds.), Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, North-Holland.

Cadima, N. and P. Barros (2000) “The impact of mobile phone diffusion on the fixed-link network”, CEPR Discussion Paper 2598, London.

Coase, R. (1959) “The Federal Communications Commission”, the Journal of Law and Economics, 2, 1-40.

Competition Commission (2003) “Vodafone, O₂, Orange, and T-Mobile” U.K, 18 February 2003.

Joshua S. Gans, Stephen P. King and Julian Wright